Link between vitamin D and dementia risk confirmed
I see at the end of the article there's a link to a report about low vitamin D and schizophrenia too. The correlation of it to mental health is rather interesting, and perhaps a bad sign for the future health of oldies in 70 years time, given the somewhat over the top concern about sun exposure and kids we seem to now have.
I wonder if anyone has ever surveyed dementia risk amongst life long nudists? Googling the topic doesn't immediately come up with useful results, partly because there seems to be some program called NUDIST which is used in dementia research.
Thursday, August 07, 2014
Great comet photo
I guess I expected a smoother, icier looking surface for a comet, but it looks very cool nonetheless.
Wednesday, August 06, 2014
Is this the beginning of the end for the Credlin/Loughnane role in the Abbott "ascendancy"?
Just noticed in the Sydney Morning Herald:
ICAC hears that Liberal party boss Brian Loughnane knew of developer donations going through federal channels
The careless, poisoned Hockey
Sorry, Treasurer, but your tax figures are a long way wide of the mark
You'd think a politician of his experience would know to be more careful. Joe was saying that higher income earning families pay half their income in tax, which means he's ignoring how they get the benefit of the tax free threshold and lower tax rate on the first part of their income.
More substantially, Peter Whiteford has a really good article that looks at the way the "small government/small tax" wing of the Right tries to use what are in fact successful elements of our welfare system to exaggerate welfare as a problem. More importantly, he notes that:
You'd think a politician of his experience would know to be more careful. Joe was saying that higher income earning families pay half their income in tax, which means he's ignoring how they get the benefit of the tax free threshold and lower tax rate on the first part of their income.
More substantially, Peter Whiteford has a really good article that looks at the way the "small government/small tax" wing of the Right tries to use what are in fact successful elements of our welfare system to exaggerate welfare as a problem. More importantly, he notes that:
"what constitutes a “fair” distribution of national income ultimately comesThe essay is in effect a really valuable look at the poisonous "lifters and leaners/moochers and looters" philosophy that the Coalition - including Hockey - has been infected with from too much contact with the American small government/libertarian wing of the Republicans (and their Australian counterparts in the IPA.)
down to social value judgements."
Tuesday, August 05, 2014
Reaction noted
I wonder how Sinclair Davidson is taking the Abbott announcement that the government is walking away from repealing or amending s.18C Racial Discrimination Act.
Oh. Pretty much how I expected, then.
Guardians will be viewed
As I know everyone is keen to know what movies I will and will not see (ha!), I confirm that, despite my oft-repeated omplaint that far too many comic book superhero movies are being made, I will go and see Guardians of the Galaxy based on its good reviews, and the fact that it is basically a comedy.
I have always liked science fiction comedy, and hope to like this one.
I have always liked science fiction comedy, and hope to like this one.
The way ahead for Tasmania (seriously?)
Noted towards the bottom of a Phil Coorey piece about the talking going on between Hockey and the Senators to try and salvage some part of the budget:
In Tasmania, Palmer United Party Senator Jacqui Lambie hit the Treasurer for more funds for Tasmania, funds for mushroom growers and bumble bee farmers, while refusing to reverse opposition to budget cuts. Instead, she said the government should cut deeper into foreign aid.Actually, I was a bit disturbed on the weekend to see on Insiders that Hockey and her had a two hour meeting (after which he came out gushing about her "big heart" - it was nauseating). I certainly hope there was someone else in the room, so that the topic of the Treasurer's "package" was kept on track.
Why I haven't blogged about the reactionless drive
Don't Get Too Excited About NASA's New Miracle Engine
I had a hunch that the write ups of the NASA apparent confirmation of a reactionless drive were being a bit too enthusiastic. This article indicates my skepticism may be well founded.
And one other point: the thrust the test measured was absolutely tiny. Even if a totally new effect is at play, I wouldn't get too excited unless it was clearly scale-able to something useful. Weird (but tiny) force effects of the quantum world already exist - see the Casimir effect - but as far as I know there is no proposal to ever make use of that for colonising the universe.
I had a hunch that the write ups of the NASA apparent confirmation of a reactionless drive were being a bit too enthusiastic. This article indicates my skepticism may be well founded.
And one other point: the thrust the test measured was absolutely tiny. Even if a totally new effect is at play, I wouldn't get too excited unless it was clearly scale-able to something useful. Weird (but tiny) force effects of the quantum world already exist - see the Casimir effect - but as far as I know there is no proposal to ever make use of that for colonising the universe.
About time the doctors started talking
Australia's detention regime sets out to make asylum seekers suffer, says chief immigration psychiatrist | World | The Guardian
Good, detailed report by David Marr [and some other journalist who hasn't been on Insiders so I don't know him] on the harm indefinite detention in offshore camps is causing.
The situation is clearly much worse in a humanitarian sense than it was under Howard - where a considerable number of the detained at least had a fair hope of ending up in Australia (or New Zealand, if I recall correctly) if they waited long enough.
The current people there can see no resolution on the horizon at all.
I still believe that the public is simply "living with" this because the government has kept details of conditions under such tight wraps. There needs to be more exposure and humanising of the detainees.
Good, detailed report by David Marr [and some other journalist who hasn't been on Insiders so I don't know him] on the harm indefinite detention in offshore camps is causing.
The situation is clearly much worse in a humanitarian sense than it was under Howard - where a considerable number of the detained at least had a fair hope of ending up in Australia (or New Zealand, if I recall correctly) if they waited long enough.
The current people there can see no resolution on the horizon at all.
I still believe that the public is simply "living with" this because the government has kept details of conditions under such tight wraps. There needs to be more exposure and humanising of the detainees.
Monday, August 04, 2014
A mile wide but an inch deep
Noted from The Australian today:
ACCORDING to Gina Rinehart, most journalists have room to improve. Australia’s richest person has nominated Andrew Bolt and Alan Jones as two of the finest journalists in the country.
In an interview with The Australian’s editor Clive Mathieson on the state of the mining industry and her own plans in the sector, Rinehart was less forthcoming about her investments in the media industry, where she is the biggest individual shareholders of Ten and Fairfax Media.
She did say she has an issue with the quality of journalism in Australia, telling Mathieson: “I would like to see journalism restore itself to take more pride in accuracy and fairness.”
The exception to the miserable media standards are Bolt and Jones. “I’m a great admirer of both Andrew and Alan,” she said. “They are courageous individuals and great patriots, genuinely concerned for Australia’s future.”What a laugh.
Evil comet cat detected
We've all become rather blasé about photos of moons and planets and stuff, I think, reflecting little on the remarkably successful extent of the unmanned exploration of the solar system.
Even so, the Rosetta mission, designed to orbit and plant a probe on a comet is one of the more remarkable missions of recent years. I know there have been photos taken of comet cores before, but I don't think anything as interesting as this:
And here's another to give the scale:
And by the way, did you notice the clear-ish alien grinning cat artifact in the first picture? I'll highlight it here:
Actually, it might be Yoda, but he didn't smile that much. But now that it's been pointed out to you, you will find it hard to un-see.
[This post strikes me as good geeky Reddit fodder, but while I read it sometimes, I don't post anything there. Then again, it wouldn't be surprising if something similar has not already appeared. Anyway, anyone who posts there, feel free to link here...]
Even so, the Rosetta mission, designed to orbit and plant a probe on a comet is one of the more remarkable missions of recent years. I know there have been photos taken of comet cores before, but I don't think anything as interesting as this:
And here's another to give the scale:
And by the way, did you notice the clear-ish alien grinning cat artifact in the first picture? I'll highlight it here:
[This post strikes me as good geeky Reddit fodder, but while I read it sometimes, I don't post anything there. Then again, it wouldn't be surprising if something similar has not already appeared. Anyway, anyone who posts there, feel free to link here...]
A First World War human interest story
Inside the brothels that served the Western Front: How one First World War soldier found love in the arms of a French sweetheart - The Independent
I see that officers tended to visit their own, somewhat higher class, brothels when in France during the First World War. I thought two things were of particular note in this article:
1. Mirrored ceilings in bedrooms expecting a lot of "action" have been around for longer than I imagined. I would have guessed they were only thought of in the 1970's, but no. In fact, this room sounds altogether over-mirrored:
I see that officers tended to visit their own, somewhat higher class, brothels when in France during the First World War. I thought two things were of particular note in this article:
1. Mirrored ceilings in bedrooms expecting a lot of "action" have been around for longer than I imagined. I would have guessed they were only thought of in the 1970's, but no. In fact, this room sounds altogether over-mirrored:
Of the brothels themselves, another British officer recalled: "The2. Some avoided returning to England on leave because of the jarring attitude to the war:
Madame took me to an eight-sided room, the walls and ceilings of which
were entirely covered with mirrors. The only furniture in it was a low
divan on which a pretty little blonde was displaying her charms. She
welcomed me most pleasantly and later we breakfasted off an omelette,
melon and champagne."
Captain Harry Siepmann, writing in the 1950s, offered another reason whyIt's a good article worth reading in full.
he and his fellow officers had chosen to visit the brothels of Paris
rather than spend a few days of precious leave in Blighty: by the end of
the war, he said, the "out-of-touch atmosphere" of jingoism and
unthinking patriotism in Britain "jarred badly with the grim realities
of France".
A blood test with big implications
A blood test for suicide?
A fascinating article here on the apparent success of a study looking into a blood test for detecting those who have been feeling suicidal, although if I understand it right, only amongst those people who have a "common" genetic mutation in the first place:
A fascinating article here on the apparent success of a study looking into a blood test for detecting those who have been feeling suicidal, although if I understand it right, only amongst those people who have a "common" genetic mutation in the first place:
In another part of the study, the researchers tested three different sets of blood samples, the largest one involving 325 participants in the Johns Hopkins Center for Prevention Research Study found similar methylation increases at SKA2 in individuals with suicidal thoughts orThe implications sound a little bit like science fiction:
attempts. They then designed a model analysis that predicted which of the participants were experiencing suicidal thoughts or had attempted suicide with 80 percent certainty. Those with more severe risk of suicide were predicted with 90 percent accuracy. In the youngest data
set, they were able to identify with 96 percent accuracy whether or not a participant had attempted suicide, based on blood test results.
Kaminsky says a test based on these findings might best be used to predict future suicide attempts in those who are ill, to restrict lethal means or methods among those a risk, or to make decisions regarding the intensity of intervention approaches.
He says that it might make sense for use in the military to test whether members have the gene mutation that makes them more vulnerable. Those at risk could be more closely monitored when they returned home after deployment. A test could also be useful in a psychiatric emergency room, he says, as part of a suicide risk assessment when doctors try to assess level of suicide risk.
The test could be used in all sorts of safety assessment decisions like the need for hospitalization and closeness of monitoring. Kaminsky says another possible use that needs more study could be to inform treatment decisions, such as whether or not to give certain medications that have been linked with suicidal thoughts.
Saturday, August 02, 2014
The meth puzzle
Of all the dangerous drugs that people try, I've always had the greatest difficulty in understanding why they would use crystal meth. Surely there has been enough media exposure about the psychosis and vile bodily effects an addiction to it can have.
In the Saturday Paper, there's one guy's story of how he started using it, starting getting psychotic, but managed to get out of the scene. The details are very common to what we've seen on current affairs programs over the years, and this was an apparently smart enough guy who thought he could try it safely.
I would assume there is research on the topic, and perhaps I should go looking for it. But my guess would be that two factors are probably important: first, he "gateway effect" of using other drugs such as marijuana and (I would guess) ecstasy, for which there is much less risk of addiction but pleasant enough experiences which lead people to believe they can upgrade to the next experience and also deal with it safely. (I find articles such as this one which dismiss a gateway effect as illusory to be unconvincing and too pedantic. To say a drug is a "gateway" is not necessarily an argument that is directly causative of further drug experimentation, but rather that its use sets the scene for experimentation with reputedly dangerous drugs by encouraging the rationalisation of their potential for safe use I guess that the illegal status of the softer drug may help that rationalisation - by developing skepticism that illegality is motivated by the dangerous effect of drugs.)
Secondly, the social encouragement of other experimenters that they have not been hurt by its casual use, and can control how often they use it, must surely be important. But given the clear, dire effects that it does have on so many people, how do so many first timers manage to not know of people in the same circles who have been sent over the edge by it? As the author of the Saturday Paper article writes:
Update: OK, there have been a series of articles at The Conversation about meth use, and one claims this:
That puts the addiction picture in a much stronger light than saying that "a relatively small proportion" of meth users go on to be dependent*, but I suppose it could also means that relatively large number of people could only try it once or twice and not get further into its use?
* can you imagine the situation if the number of regular alcohol users said to be dependent on it was 70%?
In the Saturday Paper, there's one guy's story of how he started using it, starting getting psychotic, but managed to get out of the scene. The details are very common to what we've seen on current affairs programs over the years, and this was an apparently smart enough guy who thought he could try it safely.
I would assume there is research on the topic, and perhaps I should go looking for it. But my guess would be that two factors are probably important: first, he "gateway effect" of using other drugs such as marijuana and (I would guess) ecstasy, for which there is much less risk of addiction but pleasant enough experiences which lead people to believe they can upgrade to the next experience and also deal with it safely. (I find articles such as this one which dismiss a gateway effect as illusory to be unconvincing and too pedantic. To say a drug is a "gateway" is not necessarily an argument that is directly causative of further drug experimentation, but rather that its use sets the scene for experimentation with reputedly dangerous drugs by encouraging the rationalisation of their potential for safe use I guess that the illegal status of the softer drug may help that rationalisation - by developing skepticism that illegality is motivated by the dangerous effect of drugs.)
Secondly, the social encouragement of other experimenters that they have not been hurt by its casual use, and can control how often they use it, must surely be important. But given the clear, dire effects that it does have on so many people, how do so many first timers manage to not know of people in the same circles who have been sent over the edge by it? As the author of the Saturday Paper article writes:
I was plainly ignorant about the drug before I succumbed. I’d considered myself a drug-savvy streetwise person before the autumn of 2014. However, my quick and doe-eyed plunge into addiction suggested otherwise. I had a number of key misconceptions about the drug: that meth didn’t kill you, that there was a safe level of use, and that meth didn’t do permanent damage.What I find hard to credit is that any half reasonably educated person doesn't know of its dangers. (Or can still rationalise experimentation despite knowing of them, I guess.)
Update: OK, there have been a series of articles at The Conversation about meth use, and one claims this:
However, the majority of people who use illicit drugs do not use regularly or in large quantities. A relatively small proportion (for methamphetamine, around 10-15%) of users go on to become dependent and need treatment.On the other hand, another article by the same author links to this study, which notes:
The estimated number of regular methamphetamine users in Australia was 102,600, or 10.3 per 1000 persons aged 15 to 49 years. Of these regular methamphetamine users, it was estimated that there were 72,700 dependent methamphetamine users, or 7.3 per 1000 population aged 15-49 years. The bulk of regular and dependent methamphetamine users were located outside of Sydney (83% and 80% respectively).So that indicates that about 70% of "regular" users are dependent?
That puts the addiction picture in a much stronger light than saying that "a relatively small proportion" of meth users go on to be dependent*, but I suppose it could also means that relatively large number of people could only try it once or twice and not get further into its use?
* can you imagine the situation if the number of regular alcohol users said to be dependent on it was 70%?
An Asperger story
It was particularly interesting to read the "Two of Us" section in the SMH this morning, about Kathy Lette (Mrs Geoffrey Robertson) and their 23 year old son Julian, who has Asperger syndrome. (Given that one half of it is written by him, you'll see what I mean...)
Friday, August 01, 2014
I only like my own apocalypse
Snowpiercer and These Final Hours continue apocalyptic film tradition - The Final Cut - ABC Radio National
I've noticed some ad or something for These Final Hours, which is an Australian "we've only got hours til the end of the world" film, but I knew nothing of its story. In the article above, we get a description, and the mechanism for the end of the world sounds unscientific. (The film sounds violent and unpleasant too.)
Why can't global disaster movies get the disaster scientifically plausible? The only one which I think really did try fairly hard in that respect was Deep Impact (and I thought it a pretty good film generally.)
But so many are just utter rubbish with the science - that shlock German director's The Day After Tomorrow and 2012 (hey, we're still here), the (awful other) "asteroid hits Earth" movie Armageddon; even World War Z, although I was surprised to enjoy its video game similarities, had a ridiculously brief viral zombification scenario. [And, I might add, it annoyed me continually that the wife kept making satellite phone calls from the inside of the navy ship she was on. Surely you'd have to be near or on the deck for that?]
In fact, generally speaking, I can't say I like apocalypse films as a genre much at all. I'm not sure why I'm supposed to enjoy ones with bleak, hopeless endings, even if they do manage to get the science vaguely right.
Which is all a bit odd, perhaps, given that I was recently talking about my own apocalyptic thoughts whenever I'm driving out in the Lockyer Valley. (And, incidentally, I wrote that post before hearing about These Final Hours.) The thing is, I like my own apocalypses, but rarely anyone else's.
I've noticed some ad or something for These Final Hours, which is an Australian "we've only got hours til the end of the world" film, but I knew nothing of its story. In the article above, we get a description, and the mechanism for the end of the world sounds unscientific. (The film sounds violent and unpleasant too.)
Why can't global disaster movies get the disaster scientifically plausible? The only one which I think really did try fairly hard in that respect was Deep Impact (and I thought it a pretty good film generally.)
But so many are just utter rubbish with the science - that shlock German director's The Day After Tomorrow and 2012 (hey, we're still here), the (awful other) "asteroid hits Earth" movie Armageddon; even World War Z, although I was surprised to enjoy its video game similarities, had a ridiculously brief viral zombification scenario. [And, I might add, it annoyed me continually that the wife kept making satellite phone calls from the inside of the navy ship she was on. Surely you'd have to be near or on the deck for that?]
In fact, generally speaking, I can't say I like apocalypse films as a genre much at all. I'm not sure why I'm supposed to enjoy ones with bleak, hopeless endings, even if they do manage to get the science vaguely right.
Which is all a bit odd, perhaps, given that I was recently talking about my own apocalyptic thoughts whenever I'm driving out in the Lockyer Valley. (And, incidentally, I wrote that post before hearing about These Final Hours.) The thing is, I like my own apocalypses, but rarely anyone else's.
Damn it - I missed the "stagflation" birthday
I see I just missed the 3 year anniversary of Sinclair Davidson appearing in The Drum (and on Andrew Bolt's show) warning that Australia had a "looming" stagflation problem.
It is (stagflation), after all, "the consequence of pursuing Keynesian economic policy." And this was "an economy facing a stagflation problem."
Yet this utterly failed prediction (and despite his likely hedging that he used the word "could" once or twice, I'm calling this out as a predication based on his wrong headed, ideologically driven theory that low taxes and low government spending is always the cure for what ails an economy), he has the hide to claim US economists are wrong in their view that the Obama stimulus helped reduced joblessness.
The graph he uses to support the argument can, of course, simply be said to show that the effects of the GFC on unemployment in the country was worse than initially expected. What matters on the question of whether the stimulus helped is the question of where the actual unemployment graph line would be running if the stimulus had not happened. Merely showing that the initial predictions of where unemployment would go with and without stimulus doesn't answer that.
Of course, in the fixed ideology of "low government spending at any cost", they will argue that any worsing in an economy is the result of higher government spending.
Starting from a fixed ideological position is no way to argue economics with any credibility.
It is (stagflation), after all, "the consequence of pursuing Keynesian economic policy." And this was "an economy facing a stagflation problem."
Yet this utterly failed prediction (and despite his likely hedging that he used the word "could" once or twice, I'm calling this out as a predication based on his wrong headed, ideologically driven theory that low taxes and low government spending is always the cure for what ails an economy), he has the hide to claim US economists are wrong in their view that the Obama stimulus helped reduced joblessness.
The graph he uses to support the argument can, of course, simply be said to show that the effects of the GFC on unemployment in the country was worse than initially expected. What matters on the question of whether the stimulus helped is the question of where the actual unemployment graph line would be running if the stimulus had not happened. Merely showing that the initial predictions of where unemployment would go with and without stimulus doesn't answer that.
Of course, in the fixed ideology of "low government spending at any cost", they will argue that any worsing in an economy is the result of higher government spending.
Starting from a fixed ideological position is no way to argue economics with any credibility.
Jericho making sense, again
Business leaders should stop whingeing about Australia’s competitiveness | Business | theguardian.com
Greg Jericho is in fine form having a go at big business and its complaints, particularly the odious way Gina Rinehart pines for low wages for her mines and funds climate change disbelief.
Speaking of miners, what's with the ridiculous excuse for a newspaper The Australian and its thorough tongue bathing of Andrew Forrest and his welfare ideas this week? Sure, Forrest has a reputation for being genuinely concerned about poverty (unlike Rinehart, who gives the impression she's been envious since childhood of Uncle Scrooge being able to actually swim in his money,) but even so, why has the paper been so busy promoting his welfare report? And then, it seems today that Shanahan's job has become to explain to the public why the Abbott government won't adopt it.
It would be intriguing indeed to see the emails (or listen in to telephone calls) that go into and out of the head office of The Australian at the moment.
Update: I see that Andrew Bolt tries to be helpful [/sarc] today, by criticising Forrest for saying aborigines are "economically jailed" (an oversimplification, I would agree), but then goes on to say it's not the fault of white people - it's the entire dysfunctional aboriginal culture that's at fault. (!)
Well, that'll earn him points in the aboriginal reconciliation stakes. It's entirely their fault they're stuck in poverty and a cycle of drug dependence, hey?
And here I thought my take on the matter (that in large part it is to do with aboriginal communities being often stuck in areas with extremely limited opportunities to do anything of economic value, and a reluctance to have policies encouraging them to move to areas where their children may have a future job) was an oversimplication.
Greg Jericho is in fine form having a go at big business and its complaints, particularly the odious way Gina Rinehart pines for low wages for her mines and funds climate change disbelief.
Speaking of miners, what's with the ridiculous excuse for a newspaper The Australian and its thorough tongue bathing of Andrew Forrest and his welfare ideas this week? Sure, Forrest has a reputation for being genuinely concerned about poverty (unlike Rinehart, who gives the impression she's been envious since childhood of Uncle Scrooge being able to actually swim in his money,) but even so, why has the paper been so busy promoting his welfare report? And then, it seems today that Shanahan's job has become to explain to the public why the Abbott government won't adopt it.
It would be intriguing indeed to see the emails (or listen in to telephone calls) that go into and out of the head office of The Australian at the moment.
Update: I see that Andrew Bolt tries to be helpful [/sarc] today, by criticising Forrest for saying aborigines are "economically jailed" (an oversimplification, I would agree), but then goes on to say it's not the fault of white people - it's the entire dysfunctional aboriginal culture that's at fault. (!)
Well, that'll earn him points in the aboriginal reconciliation stakes. It's entirely their fault they're stuck in poverty and a cycle of drug dependence, hey?
And here I thought my take on the matter (that in large part it is to do with aboriginal communities being often stuck in areas with extremely limited opportunities to do anything of economic value, and a reluctance to have policies encouraging them to move to areas where their children may have a future job) was an oversimplication.
Thursday, July 31, 2014
Stimulus and austerity
I've been reading a few things on the matter of great economic debate of stimulus versus austerity.
First, Justin Wolfers says that survey results show that top flying American economists are nutty outliers (my wording, not Wolfer's) if they hold the position that the Obama stimulus of 2009 didn't help the economy. They are more divided on whether it was worth the cost, but even then it runs more than two to one in favour of "yes, it was worth it."
Secondly, I stumbled across this article by Florian Schui which I thought gives a nice succinct summary of the intersection of politics and economics on this issue:
And finally, this article in The Economist, which I've possibly linked to before, seems to give a very fair and balanced take on the matter.
First, Justin Wolfers says that survey results show that top flying American economists are nutty outliers (my wording, not Wolfer's) if they hold the position that the Obama stimulus of 2009 didn't help the economy. They are more divided on whether it was worth the cost, but even then it runs more than two to one in favour of "yes, it was worth it."
Secondly, I stumbled across this article by Florian Schui which I thought gives a nice succinct summary of the intersection of politics and economics on this issue:
This is an evolutionary argument familiar from radical liberal thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt and Friedrich Hayek. Crucially, their perspective does not give great prominence to questions of economic efficiency. Indeed, free societies a likely to experience periods of economic waste: periods of low growth may leave labour, capital and other resources underused. But free societies do better in the long run because they are better at evolving and adapting. The political aim must therefore be to contain the size of the state in order to leave space for the creative forces of society. That remains true even if cutting back the state hurts growth and economic efficiency in the short term. If you accept this view, it makes no sense to adapt the size of the state to the cyclical fluctuations of the economy. Rather, what is needed is a permanently smaller state to unleash the creative powers of society.I think this sounds quite convincing, and goes along with my increasing feeling over the last few years that it is the small government ideologues who are truly ignoring history.
This argument has its merits but from an economic perspective there are some substantial problems associated with the Olympian perspective adopted by thinkers like Humboldt and Hayek. Mainly, they do not say how long the long run is. Other approaches to economic policy allow the public to verify concrete results after a few quarters or after a couple of years at the latest and decide whether to continue with a specific set of policies or not. But it is not clear when we can undertake a similar evaluation of the results of this kind of radical laissez faire. Every crisis no matter how long or deep may be interpreted as an unpleasant but necessary stretch on a superior evolutionary path. In practice, this means that economic results become irrelevant as a yardstick against which to judge economic policy. This is exactly what is happening in the case of austerity. There simply is no economic outcome that can convince proponents of austerity that they are on the wrong track. Their cause is not about economic efficiency but about a political goal: the preservation of liberty.
There are also social problems associated with the Olympian perspective of the likes of Humboldt and Hayek. Prussian aristocrats and tenured professors are in a position to look at economic crises, even if they lasts a decade or longer, as a mere transitory phase of hardship that is part of a superior evolutionary trajectory. More ordinary citizens may not be able to afford this kind of detached perspective on the economy. A longer crisis can ruin the life plans of individuals and lead to the collapse of social and political systems. That is why Keynes warned that the ‘long run is a misleading guide to current affairs’.
One may object that there is nothing wrong with giving priority to political values over the pursuit of economic maximisation and social welfare. Why should the defence of freedom not trump economic and social considerations? After all maximising growth and maximising human happiness can be two rather different things and most people would agree that the latter is more important. The preservation of liberty may very well warrant austerity policies that cut the state to size, even if they hurt economically.
While this is a valid argument it is questionable whether the trade-off between the size of the state and individual liberty really exists. The historical experience of Humboldt and Hayek certainly gave them reason to think of states as the enemies of individual freedom. In Humboldt’s time, towards the end of the 18th century, absolutist states such as his native Prussia and republican states such as France were extremely ambitious in expanding their sphere of action, often at the expense of individual liberty. The same is true of the authoritarian states in Europe that Hayek witnessed in the 1920s and 30s.
However, a more complete vision of history also reveals the shortcomings of the simple equation of a larger state with greater oppression. Hayek predicted in the 1940s that planned economies would set mankind on a road to serfdom. In actual fact, the vast expansion of states across the western world in the post war decades coincided with an equally substantial increase of liberty for many contemporaries. Women and black people acquired more freedom than ever before and despite evident lapses western countries did rather well at protecting the individual rights of their citizens.
And finally, this article in The Economist, which I've possibly linked to before, seems to give a very fair and balanced take on the matter.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)