The fear of brainwashing

I was driving around on Saturday and happened to catch most of Episode 3 of a Canadian podcast (being broadcast on ABC Radio Nation) called "Brainwashed".   This episode was about the CIA's program in the 50's and 60's to try to find the key to mind control, mainly by experiments with LSD and other drugs (often conducted on unwitting subjects.)

While I've read a little bit about this before, I had not realised, or had forgotten, that the origin of the fear of brainwashing came in large part from some American soldiers who refused to return to the US at the end of the Korean war.  This led to a widespread speculation in the US that the Koreans/Chinese had worked out the secret of successful brainwashing - and if they could do that to fine American soldiers, who knows what they could do?  (I see that "The Manchurian Candidate" came out in 1962, and the Korean War ended in 1953, so the screenwriters had plenty of time to come up with their brainwashing scenario.)

However, the story of the 21 who refused repatriation is a bit complicated, and even if initially "brainwashed", it didn't last for long for many of them.  Many had actually fled China before the movie even came out:

In September, however, 23 American prisoners of war also refused repatriation, sparking a nationwide debate among journalists, politicians, military officials, psychiatrists, and the soldiers themselves.

During a 90-day cooling-off period, the GIs were held in the neutral zone at Panmunjom, but only two changed their minds in response to entreaties by U.S. officials and letters from the GIs’ families.

The commonly accepted reason at the time was that they were brainwashed while held prisoner. This was effectively confirmed by 149 other POWs held by the Chinese/North Koreans who “reported that their captors had waged a systematic effort to break down their beliefs and entice them to collaborate”.

Time and Newsweek published articles looking for defects in the 21, to explain why they were able to be brainwashed. The magazines blamed reasons such as alcoholism, STDs, low IQs, and being “diseased”.

Race played an important role throughout the nationwide debate, especially since three of the 21 nonrepatriates were black. Discussion of the black nonrepatriates in the white press highlights public perceptions of Communism and civil rights in the mid-1950s.

For example, many publications noted the special effort the Chinese had made to woo black American soldiers, how they had stressed that in their Marxist nation all members of society were treated equally.

During the 90 days cooling-off period all 23 US soldiers were held on neutral territory. The 2 that left the group were court-martialed for desertion and collaboration, one was given a 20-year sentence, and the other 10. The remaining 21 were dishonorably discharged and journeyed in China.

 Once in China, the soldiers were sent to a collective farm to work. Within 1.5 years three of them ran away and sought refuge at the British Embassy in Peking. By 1958, 7 more of the soldiers had left China.

By 1966, only two remained in China. One of the 21 returned to the US in 1965 and explained his actions in 1953 as being motivated by “anger by the recall of his idol, General Douglas MacArthur, who favored the use of nuclear weapons to end the war. During his two years as a prisoner, he increasingly felt abandoned by America”.

 Anyway, it was a very interesting podcast, and I should listen to all episodes.