A measurement of the humble electron has dimmed particle physicists’ long-held hopes of discovering exotic new particles. The finding, reported today in Science, confirms to greater precision than ever before that the distribution of electric charge in the electron is essentially round. The result implies that any new fundamental particles lurking undiscovered in the vacuum might be too massive for even the world’s biggest atom smasher, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to produce.
“It’s a fantastic result,” says John Doyle, a physicist at Harvard University and co-leader of a competing experiment that set the previous limit on a charge asymmetry known as the electric dipole moment. “We both found essentially the same result—theirs is a factor of 2 better—and because the techniques are so different, it firmly establishes that measurement.” The result may also make it harder for theorists to explain how the infant universe generated more matter than antimatter, Doyle says.
To explain how that imbalance evolved—and, thus, why anything at all exists—physicists posit that some of the rules governing the interactions of fundamental particles must look different if run forward or backward in time, which would imply matter and antimatter behave slightly differently. In fact, the interactions of quarks, the building blocks of protons and neutrons, do violate that symmetry, but not by enough to have generated the cosmic matter-antimatter imbalance.
So, physicists think some as-yet-undiscovered particles, beyond the familiar ones in their prevailing standard model, make up the difference. Although unseen, those particles could exert an influence on the electron thanks to quantum uncertainty, which holds that all particles—even ones too heavy to be produced with an atom-smasher—flit in and out of the vacuum around it. If that haze contains particles whose interactions violate the time-reversal symmetry, they should bestow properties that violate that symmetry on the electron as well.
An electric dipole moment would be exactly such a property. If the electron’s negative charge is symmetrical, then reversing time would simply reverse its spin and the direction of its magnetism, but otherwise leave it looking like the original electron. If, however, the electron has an electric dipole moment, with, say, a larger amount of negative charge displaced toward its south pole and a smaller amount of positive charge shifted toward its north pole that time-reversal symmetry would break down. Reversing time would flip its magnetism but not its static charge distribution, creating a particle different from the original electron.
With so much at stake, some physicists have spent decades searching for the electron’s electric dipole moment.
I presume Sabine Hossenfelder, as a well known critic of plans to build ever larger colliders, will be using this to bolster her argument.
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